揭秘C++多态背后的虚函数表机制

一、纯虚函数和抽象类

那何为纯虚函数，何为抽象类呢？

1.1 纯虚函数

在虚函数的后面写上=0，则这个函数为纯虚函数，纯虚函数不需要定义实现（实现没啥意义因为要被派生类重写，但是语法上可以实现），纯虚函数只要声明即可。

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纯虚函数也可以实现定义部分：

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1.2 抽象类

我们先来看看什么是抽象？

抽象派画作：

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就是某种程度说这个东西想表达的意思就是跟现实世界不对应，他不在现实世界中对应某一实体，不对应某个实体就不能实例化出对象

包含纯虚函数的类叫做抽象类，抽象类不能实例化出对象，如果派生类继承后不重写纯虚函数，那么派生类也是抽象类，派生类也不能实例化出对象

这是为什么？

如果派生类继承后不重写纯虚函数，派生类也是抽象类，纯虚函数某种意义上强制派生类重写虚函数，因为不重写就实例化不出对象。

• 抽象类不能实例化出对象：

​

• 派生类继承后不重写纯虚函数，派生类也是抽象类

​

• 派生类继承后重写纯虚函数，派生类就不是抽象类，就可以实例化出对象

​

那既然抽象类不能实例化出对象，为什么还要搞这个呢？

抽象类不能实例化出对象，但是可以定义指针，抽象类的指针可以指向派生类对象

• 总结：

纯虚函数适用于：

1. 要强制派生类中重写这个虚函数，实现多态
2. 基类中确实就是有些不想被实例化出对象的一些抽象的类别

ok，接下来，我们来看一道题：

下面编译为32位程序的运行结果是什么（D）

A. 编译报错 B. 运行报错 C. 8 D. 12

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也许会有很多小伙伴会有疑惑？为什么是12呢？不应该是8吗？

ok，这就需要我们对多态的底层有一定的了解——

二、多态的原理

2.1 虚函数表指针

当我们运行上面题目中的代码时，会发现b的成员好像不止两个——

除了_b和_ch成员外，还有一个_vfptr，_vfptr是什么🤨？

ok，其实_vfptr是一个指针，对象中的这个指针我们叫做虚函数表指针（简称虚表指针），本质上是一个指针数组（虚函数指针数组）

当一个类里面有虚函数的时候，那这个对象中就会多一个指针，这个指针（_vfptr 虚函数表指针）会指向一张表 --> 指向一个数组，数组中存放的是虚函数的地址！！！

虚函数和普通函数的真正区别是——

普通函数就像之前那样调用；而虚函数要实现多态调用，所以虚函数要实现多态调用，它就要把它的地址放进虚函数表中，多态的核心就要靠着这个虚函数表来实现的

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